| Accordingly we find, that by benefits or injuries we produce their love or hatred; and that by feeding and cherishing any animal, we quickly acquire his affections; as by beating and abusing him we never fail to draw on us his enmity and ill-will. |
| Love in beasts is not caused so much by relation, as in our species; and that because their thoughts are not so active as to trace relations, except in very obvious instances. |
| Yet it is easy to remark, that on some occasions it has a considerable influence upon them. |
| Thus acquaintance, which has the same effect as relation, always produces love in animals either to men or to each other. |
| For the same reason any likeness among them is the source of affection. |
| An ox confined to a park with horses, will naturally join their company, if I may so speak, but always leaves it to enjoy that of his own species, where he has the choice of both. |
| The affection of parents to their young proceeds from a peculiar instinct in animals, as well as in our species. |
| It is evident, that sympathy, or the communication of passions, takes place among animals, no less than among men. |
| Fear, anger, courage, and other affections are frequently communicated from one animal to another, without their knowledge of that cause, which produced the original passion. |
| Grief likewise is received by sympathy; and produces almost all the same consequences, and excites the same emotions as in our species. |
| The howlings and lamentations of a dog produce a sensible concern in his fellows. |
| And it is remarkable, that though almost all animals use in play the same member, and nearly the same action as in fighting; a lion, a tyger, a cat their paws; an ox his horns; a dog his teeth; a horse his heels: Yet they most carefully avoid harming their companion, even though they have nothing to fear from his resentment; which is an evident proof of the sense brutes have of each other's pain and pleasure. |
| Every one has observed how much more dogs are animated when they hunt in a pack, than when they pursue their game apart; and it is evident this can proceed from nothing but from sympathy. |
| It is also well known to hunters, that this effect follows in a greater degree, and even in too .great a degree, where two packs, that are strangers to each other, are joined together. |
| We might, perhaps, be at a loss to explain this phaenomenon, if we had not experience of a similar in ourselves. |
| Envy and malice are passions very remarkable in animals. |
| They are perhaps more common than pity; as requiring less effort of thought and imagination. |
| PART III OF THE WILL AND DIRECT PASSIONS |
| SECT. I OF LIBERTY AND NECESSITY |
| We come now to explain the direct passions, or the impressions, which arise immediately from good or evil, from pain or pleasure. |
| Of this kind are, desire and aversion, grief and joy, hope and fear. |